/* Rubayyat Hashmi — shared academic design system.
   Tokens control typography, colour, rules and spacing throughout the site. */
:root {
  color-scheme: light;
  --paper: #ffffff;
  --ink: #242c33;
  --navy: #183a53;
  --link: #1b527e;
  --muted: #596671;
  --rule: #d9e0e5;
  --wash: #f4f7f9;
  --serif: "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, "URW Palladio L", "P052", Georgia, serif;
  --sans: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Arial, sans-serif;
  --page-width: 1120px;
  --gutter: clamp(22px, 5vw, 64px);
}
*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }
html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; scroll-padding-top: 2rem; }
body { margin: 0; color: var(--ink); background: var(--paper); font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.65; overflow-wrap: break-word; }
button, input { font: inherit; }
button { cursor: pointer; }
a { color: var(--link); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: .22em; }
a:hover { color: var(--navy); text-decoration-thickness: 2px; }
a:focus-visible, button:focus-visible, summary:focus-visible { outline: 3px solid var(--link); outline-offset: 5px; border-radius: 1px; }
::selection { background: #dce8f1; }
h1, h2, h3, p { margin-top: 0; }
h1, h2, h3 { color: var(--navy); font-weight: 400; }
h1 { font-size: clamp(2.65rem, 5.25vw, 4.25rem); line-height: 1.14; letter-spacing: -.035em; }
h2 { font-size: 2rem; line-height: 1.22; letter-spacing: -.025em; }
h3 { font-size: 1.375rem; line-height: 1.35; letter-spacing: -.012em; }
p { margin-bottom: 1.1rem; }
p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
small { font-size: .875rem; }
[hidden] { display: none !important; }
.container { width: min(var(--page-width), calc(100% - var(--gutter) * 2)); margin-inline: auto; }
.sr-only { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding: 0; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; border: 0; }
.skip-link { position: fixed; z-index: 20; top: 12px; left: 12px; padding: .6rem 1rem; background: #fff; transform: translateY(-160%); font-family: var(--sans); }
.skip-link:focus { transform: translateY(0); }
.site-header { border-top: 4px solid var(--navy); }
.header-inner { min-height: 91px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 2rem; }
.wordmark { font-size: 1.35rem; color: var(--navy); text-decoration: none; }
.site-nav ul { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 1.6rem; list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; }
.site-nav a { display: block; padding: .55rem 0; color: var(--ink); font: .875rem/1.5 var(--sans); text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; }
.site-nav a:hover, .site-nav a[aria-current="page"] { color: var(--link); border-bottom-color: var(--link); }
.menu-toggle { display: none; }
.hero { padding: clamp(48px, 6vw, 76px) 0 66px; }
.hero h1 { margin-bottom: .3rem; }
.role { color: var(--navy); font-size: 1.75rem; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 1.1rem; }
.fields { font-family: var(--sans); color: var(--muted); font-size: .9375rem; letter-spacing: .02em; line-height: 1.85; margin-bottom: 1.9rem; }
.hero-statement { max-width: 870px; font-size: 1.3125rem; line-height: 1.65; }
.hero-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: baseline; gap: 1rem 2rem; margin-top: 1.8rem; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .9375rem; }
.text-link { display: inline-block; padding-block: .2rem; }
.unavailable-action { color: var(--muted); }
.unavailable-action small { margin-left: .45rem; font-size: .75rem; }
.section { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding: 46px 0 50px; }
.section-layout { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 210px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 54px; }
.section-heading h2 { margin-bottom: .65rem; }
.section-heading p { color: var(--muted); font: .875rem/1.65 var(--sans); max-width: 23ch; }
.section-heading .text-link { font: .875rem/1.5 var(--sans); margin-top: .55rem; }
.section-label { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .75rem; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: .11em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: .9rem; }
.areas { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 28px 36px; }
.area { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 24px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 12px; }
.area:nth-child(n+3) { padding-top: 26px; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.area-number { padding-top: .18rem; font: .75rem/1.6 var(--sans); color: var(--muted); }
.area h3 { margin-bottom: .6rem; }
.area p { font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.65; color: var(--muted); }
.publication-list { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; }
.publication { padding: 0 0 25px; }
.publication + .publication { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding-top: 25px; }
.publication:last-child { padding-bottom: 0; }
.publication-type { font: .75rem/1.5 var(--sans); color: var(--muted); letter-spacing: .035em; margin-bottom: .5rem; }
.publication h3 { font-size: 1.375rem; margin-bottom: .5rem; }
.publication-meta { font-size: .9375rem; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: .5rem; }
.publication-summary { font-size: 1rem; margin-bottom: .6rem; }
.publication-links { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 1.15rem; font: .8125rem/1.65 var(--sans); }
.pending { color: var(--muted); }
/* For final bibliographies: author/year line has a clean hanging indent.
   Keep Hashmi's name in <strong> and journal titles in <em>. */
.citation { padding-left: 1.5rem; text-indent: -1.5rem; line-height: 1.65; margin-bottom: .55rem; }
.citation strong { color: var(--ink); }
.year-group + .year-group { margin-top: 2.25rem; }
.year-label { font: .875rem/1.5 var(--sans); letter-spacing: .05em; margin-bottom: 1.15rem; color: var(--muted); }
.working-section { background: var(--wash); border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.working-section .section { border: 0; }
.project-list { margin: 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; }
.project { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 132px; column-gap: 30px; row-gap: .5rem; padding-bottom: 23px; }
.project + .project { padding-top: 23px; border-top: 1px solid #d4dde3; }
.project:last-child { padding-bottom: 0; }
.project h3 { margin-bottom: .45rem; font-size: 1.3rem; }
.project p { color: var(--muted); font-size: 1rem; }
.project-status { font: .75rem/1.65 var(--sans); color: var(--muted); padding-top: .3rem; }
.profile-section { border-top: 0; }
.profile-copy { max-width: 720px; font-size: 1.125rem; }
.profile-facts { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: .35rem 1.7rem; list-style: none; margin: 1.3rem 0 0; padding: 0; font: .875rem/1.6 var(--sans); color: var(--muted); }
.site-footer { padding: 31px 0 32px; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); font: .8125rem/1.6 var(--sans); color: var(--muted); }
.footer-main { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: baseline; justify-content: space-between; gap: 1rem 2rem; }
.footer-links { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: .75rem 1.25rem; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.missing-link { color: var(--muted); }
.footer-note { margin-top: .7rem; font-size: .75rem; }
.page-heading { padding: 56px 0 38px; max-width: 810px; }
.page-heading h1 { font-size: clamp(2.65rem, 4vw, 3.5rem); margin-bottom: .8rem; }
.page-heading .lead { font-size: 1.25rem; }
.page-content { padding-bottom: 68px; min-height: 330px; }
.page-content > .section:first-child { padding-top: 32px; }
.notice { border-left: 2px solid var(--navy); background: var(--wash); padding: 1.3rem 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; max-width: 790px; }
.notice p { font-size: 1rem; color: var(--muted); }
.notice h2 { font-size: 1.4rem; margin-bottom: .55rem; }
.topic-list { padding-left: 1.2rem; margin-top: .6rem; color: var(--muted); font-size: 1rem; }
.topic-list li { margin-bottom: .35rem; }
.detail-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 32px 48px; }
.detail-block { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding-top: 23px; }
.detail-block h2 { font-size: 1.65rem; }
.detail-block p { font-size: 1rem; }
.prose { max-width: 790px; }
.prose h2 { margin-top: 2rem; font-size: 1.7rem; }
.prose > h2:first-child { margin-top: 0; }
.contact-list { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 145px minmax(0, 1fr); max-width: 750px; gap: 0 28px; margin-top: 1.75rem; }
.contact-list dt, .contact-list dd { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding: 1rem 0; margin: 0; }
.contact-list dt { color: var(--navy); }
.contact-list dd { color: var(--muted); font-size: 1rem; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
@media (max-width: 980px) {
  .header-inner { gap: 1.2rem; }
  .site-nav ul { gap: 1rem; }
  .wordmark { font-size: 1.2rem; }
  .section-layout { grid-template-columns: 170px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 32px; }
  .areas { gap: 26px 25px; }
  .project { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
}
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .header-inner { min-height: 78px; flex-wrap: wrap; column-gap: 1rem; row-gap: 0; padding-block: 16px; }
  .wordmark { font-size: 1.25rem; }
  .site-nav { flex-basis: 100%; margin-top: .8rem; }
  .site-nav ul { gap: .25rem 1.3rem; }
  .site-nav a { min-height: 44px; display: flex; align-items: center; }
  .nav-enhanced .menu-toggle { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: .55rem; background: transparent; color: var(--navy); padding: .45rem .65rem; border: 1px solid var(--rule); font: .875rem/1.5 var(--sans); min-height: 44px; }
  .nav-enhanced .menu-toggle::after { content: "+"; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1; }
  .nav-enhanced .menu-toggle[aria-expanded="true"]::after { content: "−"; }
  .nav-enhanced .site-nav:not(.is-open) { display: none; }
  .nav-enhanced .site-nav ul { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(min(100%, 9rem), 1fr)); gap: 0 1.5rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding-top: .5rem; }
  .hero { padding-block: 43px 45px; }
  .hero h1 { font-size: clamp(2.45rem, 8vw, 3.5rem); }
  .role { font-size: 1.5rem; }
  .hero-statement { font-size: 1.1875rem; }
  .hero-actions { gap: .8rem 1.4rem; }
  .section-layout { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 28px; }
  .section-heading p { max-width: 45ch; }
  .section-heading h2 { margin-bottom: .5rem; font-size: 1.85rem; }
  .section { padding-block: 35px 39px; }
  .section-label { margin-bottom: .55rem; }
  .section-heading .text-link { margin-top: 0; }
  .areas { gap: 26px 30px; }
  .project { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .page-heading { padding-block: 40px 27px; }
  .page-content { padding-bottom: 42px; }
  .detail-grid { gap: 27px; }
}
@media (max-width: 520px) {
  .areas, .detail-grid { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .area + .area { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding-top: 23px; }
  .area h3 { font-size: 1.3rem; }
  .fields { font-size: .875rem; }
  .hero-actions { font-size: .875rem; gap: .8rem 1.2rem; }
  .contact-list { grid-template-columns: 100px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 0 18px; }
  .footer-main { display: block; }
  .footer-links { margin-top: 1rem; }
}
@media print {
  body { font-size: 11pt; }
  .site-header, .site-footer, .hero-actions, .skip-link { display: none; }
  .container { width: 100%; }
  .hero, .page-heading { padding-top: 0; }
  .section { padding-block: 20px; }
  .working-section { background: none; }
  .publication, .area, .project { break-inside: avoid; }
  a { color: #183a53; }
}

/* Content-populated version: portrait, academic lists and teaching details. */
.hero-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 320px; align-items: center; gap: clamp(34px, 5vw, 72px); }
.hero-copy { min-width: 0; }
.hero-portrait { margin: 0; justify-self: end; width: min(100%, 320px); }
.hero-portrait img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; aspect-ratio: auto; object-fit: contain; object-position: 50% 50%; border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.hero-portrait figcaption { margin-top: .5rem; color: var(--muted); font: .72rem/1.5 var(--sans); text-align: right; }
.project-authors { margin-bottom: .3rem !important; color: var(--ink) !important; font-size: .9rem !important; }
.bibliography { min-width: 0; }
.teaching-list, .academic-list { list-style: none; margin: 1rem 0 0; padding: 0; }
.teaching-list li { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding: .85rem 0; }
.teaching-list strong { display: block; color: var(--navy); font-weight: 400; }
.teaching-list span, .institution-meta { color: var(--muted); font: .875rem/1.55 var(--sans); }
.academic-list li { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 105px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 0 .75rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding: .75rem 0; font-size: 1rem; }
.academic-list li > span { color: var(--muted); font: .8125rem/1.7 var(--sans); }
.academic-list strong { font-weight: 600; color: var(--ink); }
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .hero-grid { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 220px; gap: 28px; }
  .hero-portrait { width: 220px; }
}
@media (max-width: 600px) {
  .hero-grid { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .hero-portrait { order: -1; justify-self: start; width: 170px; }
  .hero-portrait figcaption { text-align: left; }
  .academic-list li { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); gap: .2rem; }
}


/* Resources page */
.resource-intro { max-width: 790px; margin: 0 0 2.5rem; color: var(--muted); }
.resource-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 34px 48px; }
.resource-group { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding-top: 22px; }
.resource-group-wide { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
.resource-group h2 { font-size: 1.55rem; margin-bottom: .9rem; }
.resource-note { color: var(--muted); font-size: 1rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.resource-list { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; }
.resource-list li { border-top: 1px solid #edf1f3; padding: .8rem 0; }
.resource-list li:first-child { border-top: 0; padding-top: 0; }
.resource-list a { display: block; text-decoration: none; }
.resource-list a:hover strong { text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: .2em; }
.resource-list strong { display: block; color: var(--navy); font-weight: 600; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.45; }
.resource-list span { display: block; margin-top: .15rem; color: var(--muted); font: .875rem/1.55 var(--sans); }
.resource-disclaimer { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); margin: 3rem 0 0; padding-top: 1.15rem; color: var(--muted); font: .8125rem/1.6 var(--sans); }
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .resource-grid { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 28px; }
  .resource-group-wide { grid-column: auto; }
}

/* Version 2 content refinements */
.area-representative { margin-top: .7rem; color: var(--ink) !important; font-size: .9375rem !important; }
.area-representative a { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .8125rem; }
.teaching-profile { margin-bottom: 2.25rem; max-width: 820px; }
.service-list { margin: 0 0 2rem; padding-left: 1.2rem; }
.service-list li { margin-bottom: .55rem; }

/* About page: compact academic timeline, education and grants. */
.timeline-list, .degree-list { margin: 1rem 0 2rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.timeline-row, .degree-row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 110px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 1rem; padding: .75rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.timeline-year, .degree-year { color: var(--muted); font: .8125rem/1.7 var(--sans); }
.timeline-row strong, .degree-row strong { display: block; font-weight: 600; color: var(--ink); }
.timeline-place, .degree-place { display: block; margin-top: .08rem; color: var(--muted); font-size: .95rem; }
.grant-list { margin: 1rem 0 2rem; }
.grant-item { padding: .9rem 0 1rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.grant-item:last-child { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.grant-item h3 { margin: 0 0 .22rem; font-size: 1.08rem; line-height: 1.35; font-weight: 600; }
.grant-meta { margin: 0; color: var(--muted); font: .875rem/1.55 var(--sans); }
.grant-amount { margin: .18rem 0 0; font-weight: 600; }
@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .timeline-row, .degree-row { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); gap: .15rem; }
}

/* Compact DOI/article links for the full publication list. */
.full-list-links { margin-top: -.18rem; }
.full-list-links a { overflow-wrap: anywhere; }

/* Research page: selected work and programme overview. */
.research-intro { margin: 0 0 1.6rem; max-width: 76ch; font-size: 1.05rem; }
.selected-work-label { margin: 1rem 0 .35rem !important; color: var(--ink) !important; font: 600 .75rem/1.5 var(--sans) !important; letter-spacing: .06em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.selected-work-list { margin: 0; padding-left: 1.05rem; }
.selected-work-list li { margin: .42rem 0; color: var(--ink); font: .84rem/1.55 var(--sans); }
.selected-work-list span { display: block; color: var(--muted); font-size: .76rem; }
.research-more { margin-top: 1.7rem; font: .875rem/1.5 var(--sans); }

/* About page: organisation units sit between role and institution. */
.timeline-unit { display: block; margin-top: .12rem; color: var(--ink); font-size: .95rem; }
.timeline-unit + .timeline-place { margin-top: .02rem; }
.timeline-place a, .degree-place a { color: inherit; }